Articles
The adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was on July 9, 1868. It is one of the Reconstruction Amendments. It addresses the equal protection of the laws and the citizenship rights. The proposal was in response to the issues that related to the ex-slaves after the American Civil War. The Southern states contested the amendment. There was the ratification process for them to regain their representation in Congress.
According to the U.S. Constitution, civil rights ensure the people's physical and mental integrity, safety and life, protection from all forms of discrimination; race, gender, color, national origin, ethnicity, religion, or disability. They also address the individual rights to privacy and all the freedoms of thought and conscience, expression and speech, the press, movement, and assembly (Goldstone, 2011).
The United States Constitution protects the civil rights. It defines citizenship and ensures that no state or actor denies them their freedoms. It addresses an abridgment or denial by private persons. However, the Fourteenth Amendment's limit was the state action. Their invasion was not a matter of the 14th Amendment. It had a deeper scope. It nullifies and makes their legislation void. All those that impair the privileges and the immunities of the citizens (Foner, 1988).
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